April 2007

Light it Up! By Erik Runkle

This spring, I was pleasantly surprised by the number of greenhouse growers in Michigan that installed artificial lighting in their production ranges. During the winter and early spring, more growers are using photoperiodic lighting (lighting at a low intensity) to accelerate flowering of long-day plants. More growers are providing plugs with supplemental, photosynthetic lighting (lighting at a high intensity) to shorten plug schedules and reduce crop finish times. Yet, I believe lighting remains one of the least-utilized technologies in the production of garden plants in the northern half of the United States and Canada.

Lighting is a serious investment that may require serious capital spending. The different lighting options and strategies can become complicated. Because lighting can accelerate crop growth and development, growers often have to modify their production schedules and sometimes their cultural practices. Finally, lighting units can seem like a foreign language and can be difficult to convert into numbers that are meaningful.

Understanding Light Measurements

When speaking of light, growers often use foot-candles, researchers commonly use µmolám-2ás-1 and molám-2ád-1, and Europeans often use lux or klux (kilolux equals 1,000 lux). Watts per square meter (Wám-2) is used by greenhouse engineers and scientists when discussing units of energy.

The foot-candle, µmolám-2ás-1 and lux all describe the amount of light received at any one point in time. These can be measured instantaneously using a light meter and vary from one minute to the next. The µmolám-2ás-1 unit refers to the number of photons (or particles) of light within the photosynthetic waveband that is received per second within 1 sq. meter of area.

Instantaneous light units can be converted easily using Figure 1, below. For example, to convert 500 foot-candles of light from high-pressure sodium lamps into µmolám-2ás-1, divide 500 by 7.6, which equals 66 µmolám-2ás-1. To convert 800 µmolám-2ás-1 of light from the sun into foot-candles, multiply 800 by 5.0, which equals 4,000 foot-candles.

The unit molám-2ád-1 is used to describe the daily light integral (DLI), which is the number of photons of light received in 1 sq. meter during a 24-hour period. To measure the DLI, light measurements need to be recorded throughout the day and integrated every 24 hours. This can be performed by some greenhouse environmental control computers, a data logger connected to a light sensor or devices designed to measure the DLI (such as the WatchDog by Spectrum Technologies). None of the instantaneous light units can be converted to the DLI unit and vice versa.

Growers that are able to make their own lighting conversions can understand the different lighting languages. In time, I hope all growers become accustomed to using the µmolám-2ás-1 when discussing plant responses. Yes, it is a mouthful to pronounce (micromoles per square meter and second), but it is the unit appropriate for plant responses, including photosynthesis. In contrast, the foot-candle and lux were developed based on the sensitivity of the human eye. There are several other less-common lighting units. For help on those conversions, feel free to contact me.